ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT@#This hospital-based cross-sectional study aimed at determining frequency and risk indicators/predictors of periodontitis in a sample of Egyptian adult population and to develop a prediction equation for classifying periodontal diseases. Seven hundred and fifty subjects were consecutively recruited from outpatient Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. Validated oral health questionnaire for adults and oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire were filled by all patients. Diagnosis was made based on measurements of clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, clinical attachment level and gingival recession. Radiographic examination was performed using digital periapical radiographs. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of periodontal diseases and discriminant analysis was performed to predict periodontal disease classification. Gingivitis was the most frequent periodontal disease (39.6%) followed by periodontitis stage I (38%), stage II (20.4%), stage III (1.6%) and stage IV (0.4%). The lowest OHIP-14 scores were in patients with periodontitis stages III and IV. Multivariate analysis showed that education (p < 0.001), OHIP-14 score (p = 0.003), non-smoking (p = 0.001) and non-alcohol drinking (p = 0.021) were significant negative predictors, while never to clean the teeth (p <0.001) and cleaning the teeth once a month (p < 0.001) were significant positive predictors of periodontal disease. Periodontitis stages III and IV were the least frequent on a sample of Egyptian adult patients. Education, frequency of teeth cleaning, smoking, alcohol drinking and OHIP-14 scores were significant predictors of periodontal disease. Through discriminant analysis this study could classify patients into different periodontal diseases with an overall correct prediction of 99.2%.
ABSTRACT
Fifteen male albino rats were utilized in this research aiming to study the histological alterations in the memory system [hippocampal formations] during aging, They were divided into three age groups [5 animals each]. The first group was the young one [2weeks] and the second one was the adult group [5 months]. Whereas, the third one was the aged group [15 months]. All the animals were anaesthetized with ether inhalation and their brains were dissected out carefully. Specimens from the hippocampal formations were obtained and processed for light and electron microscope examinations. Light microscope examination of the different age groups revealed that the hippocampus in coronal sections had three areas, CA1, CA2 and CA3.Each area was formed of three layers. The first and third ones contained few cells. Whereas, the second layer was formed of numerous pyramidal cells. Pyramidal cells in area CA1 in the young age group were impacted and their nerve processes were not defined. Whereas, pyramidal cells in the same area in the adult group were slightly dispersed and their nerve processes were apparent. Few glial cells were observeved. However, pyramidal cells in the aged group showed an observable decrease in their number with many glial cells in between. Also, their nerve processes were not prominent. Electron microscope examination of the same groups revealed that pyramidal cells in the young group appeared with large rounded euchromatic nuclei and their cytoplasm contained many free ribosomes. The surrounding neuropil showed astrocytes with small rounded euchromatic nuclei and electron lucent cytoplasm. Also, pyramidal cells in the adult group had large euchromatic nuclei and the cytoplasm contained many free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The surrounding neuropil was packed with nerve processes and glial cells. Astrocytes appeared as that demonstrated in the young group.Whereas, oligodendrocytes showed electron dense cytoplasm with few processes. In the aged group, some pyramidal neurons showed apoptosis. These affected neurons were in close contact with large oligodendrocytes with their characteristic electron dense cytoplasm and euchromatic indented nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The surrounding neuropil showed astrocytes with an increase in their nuclear heterochromatin contents and many electron lucent spaces. In conclusion, the hippocapmus showed an observable loss in its pyramidal cells during aging especially that in area CA1 with glial cell alterations which may contribute to this neuronal loss. These histological changes may clarify why amnesia is a wide spread age- related memory disorder